*** DID YOU KNOW WHO "DISCOVERED" AMERICA?
¡¡MUCHO
ANTES DE CRISTÓBAL COLÓN AFRICA "DESCUBRIÓ"
A ANÉRICA!!!
DID YOU KNOW WHO "DISCOVERED" AMERICA?
WHAT DID YOUR HISTORY BOOK SAY?
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, CRISTOBAL COLON?
WELL, WELL, UNFORTUNATEDLY, SINCE DONKEY YEARS YOU ARE MIND CONTROLLED, COMPLETELY MANIPULATED AND INDOCTRINATED, JUST LOOK AT THIS:
THE GLORIOUS AFRICAN PAST.
FJTL.
COVER STORY
They came before Columbus
According to conventional history,
Christopher
Columbus “discovered” America. The natives
who
had lived there for centuries did not matter.
Even
then, centuries before Columbus ever stepped
in
any ship, Africans had been to the Americas
on
expeditions, had lived among and traded with
the
natives, and had in fact influenced the native
American civilisations in a big way. This is
another history lesson to make you want to
sit
down and read this slowly. Saafu Khpera reports.
The presence of Africans in
North and South America
(the so-called New World) has until recently
been
ignored, if not kept secret, by historians
as part of the
larger concealment of African history. The
significant
difference, unlike Kemet (Ancient Egypt), is
that the
African presence in America presents a rather
more
difficult challenge in as far as modern history
claims
that a certain Christopher Columbus “discovered”
America.
This would be right if “discovered”
means “arriving
centuries after others had already been there”.
First, the
land now called the Americas was not an uninhabited
place. It had always been full of people, so
Columbus
could not have “discovered” it.
Even then, Africans had travelled
there for centuries
before Columbus ever set foot in any ship.
When the
Africans arrived, they infused their culture
into the
existing cultural terrain of the native people
and also
embraced their gods, a concept well established
in
Africa for thousands of years. By so doing
the
Nubian-Kemets recognised the Amerindian gods,
which
in effect acknowledges the Ameri-Indians as
custodians
and spiritual title-holders to the land; the
Africans did
not discover America. The land and its people
were
already there. The African presence there dates
as far
back as pre-historic America [40,000 BC-6,000BC].
The
Nubian-Kemmiu [Egyptian] arrived in the Americas
around 1200 BC, while the Mandinga from West
Africa
arrived about 1307 AD. The Christopher Columbus
era
was nowhere on the horizon at this time.
Studies by African-American
scholars, such as Dr Ivan
van Sertima (whose book, They Came Before Columbus,
was published to wide acclaim in 1977), has
unearthed
startling evidence that point definitively
to
pre-Columbian African presence in the Americas.
For Euro-American historians,
the fact that Africans had
been in the Americas in ancient times, not
as labourers
but as a major influencing group, occupying
elite
positions in society, and providing civilising
elements
carried over from Africa, long before the 13th
century
(when the trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began),
is difficult
to accept. Because it punches holes into the
widely
accepted notion of “Negro inferiority” which
was used
to justify the slavery of Africans from the
13th century
onwards.
The Africa-Caribbean writer,
Richard B. Moore, rightly
points out in his book, The Significance of
African
History, that: “The significance of African
history is
shown...in the very effort to deny anything
of the name
of history to Africa and the African peoples.
For it is
logical and apparent that no such undertaking
[falsifying
African history] would ever have been carried
on, and at
such length, in order to obscure and bury what
is
actually of little or no significance.”
The Mandiga Voyage, 1300 AD
Available archaeological evidence
and definitive
historical accounts point to pre-Columbian
West African
expeditions across the Atlantic between 1307-1312
AD.
The work of Al-Umars, a 14th century Islamic
historian,
who recorded the visit of Mansa Kankan Musa
I, one of
the most remarkable Mandinga emperors in Mali,
when
he stopped over in the Egyptian capital, Cairo,
enroute
to Meeca in 1324 AD, testify to the Mandinga
expeditions across the Atlantic.
Umars’ account quotes Mansa
Musa as saying that his
predecessor had launched two expeditions from
West
Africa to discover the limits of the Atlantic
Ocean.
Umari, writing a few decades
after Mansa Musa’s visit
to Mecca, states: “I asked the Sultan Musa
how it was
that power came into his hands.
‘We are from a house that transmits
power by heritage,’
he told me. ‘The ruler who preceded me would
not
believe that it was impossible to discover
the limits of
the neighbouring sea.
‘He wanted to find out and
persisted in his plans. He
had 200 ships equipped and filled them with
men, and
the same number of ships filled with gold,
water and
supplies in sufficient quantities to last for
years.
‘He told those who commanded
them: return only when
you have reached the extremity of the ocean
or when
you have exhausted your food and water. They
went
away; their absence was long before any of
them
returned.
‘Finally, a sole ship reappeared.
We asked the captain
about their adventure. Prince, he replied,
we sailed for a
long time when we encountered in mid-ocean
something
like a river with violent current. My ship
was last. The
others sailed on, gradually each entered this
place, they
disappeared and did not come back. As for me,
I
returned to where I was and did not enter that
current.
‘But the emperor did not want
to believe him. He
equipped 2,000 more vessels and conferred power
on
me and left with his companion on the ocean.
This was
the last time I saw him and the others, and
I remained
absolute master of the empire”.
Emperor Abubakari II [the immediate
predecessor of
Mansa Musa] was the monarch who lunched the
expedition with 2,000 ships. The expedition
was likely
to have reached Attilles or other points bordering
the
Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico.
According to Muhammed Hamidullah,
the Algerian
scholar: “The fleet [Abubakari II’s expedition]
could
have reached the Caribbean by the time the
captain
decided to turn his ship around”.
The art and technology of shipbuilding
was well
established in Africa from Nubia to Kemet and
to other
parts of the continent. Al Kati, the Timbuktu
historian,
informs us in the Tarikh el-Fettach that Askia
Ishak
(1591 AD), the last of the Songhai emperors
in West
Africa, used over 200 vessels along the Niger
River to
evacuate his court from the advancing Morroccan
army.
Ishak states that “a thousand
boats belonging to Askia
which are found in the same strait reach, I
believe, the
figure of six or seven hundred”.
Two-hundred years after Mansa
Musa’s visit to Mecca,
Christopher Columbus, in his Journals of Christopher
Columbus, testified to the continuation of
these
Mandiga expeditions to the Americas. He said
that West
African merchant fleets periodically left the
Guinea
Coast and sailed to Middle America with gold
and other
merchandise and introduced the art of alloying
gold.
“The Indians brought handkerchiefs
of cotton, very
symmetrically woven and worked in colours like
those
brought from Guinea, from the rivers of Sierra
Leone,
and of no difference,” Columbus wrote.
The Mandinga traded gold and
woven cloth called
“almaizar” (a cloth often made in various colours
and
used as a single garment from which other garments
were made) with the Amerindians.
Columbus knew the source of
the clothes, hence his
ability to express an informed opinion in his
dairy that
the Indian “almaizar” was “like those brought
from
Guinea, from the Rivers of Sierra Leone and
of no
difference”.
The Moors of North Africa who
were in control of the
southern part of Europe, also traded with the
Mandinga
kingdoms. They introduced the “almaizar” to
Spain,
hence Columbus was aware of the clothes.
Dr Van Sertima affirms in his
book, African Presence in
Early America, that: “The Indians told Columbus
and
others who arrived in the West Indies, shortly
after
1492, that a black people, known subsequently
as the
Black Guanini, brought gold to those islands.
Important
Antillean names for gold had derived from earlier
Mandinga forms.”
The following Antillean words
for gold — goana, caona,
guani, guanin — came directly from the Mandinga
words
for gold — Ghana, kane, kani, kanine, Ghanin.
Al-Bakri, an Islamic historian,
writing in 1067 AD, notes
that: “The people [of Ancient Ghana] who follow
the
religion of the king wear cotton, silk or brocaded
breechcloth according to their means.”
A hundred years later, another
Islamic historian,
Al-Idrisi, observed that the people of Silla,
Takur, Ghana
and Gao wore the “almaizar”.
Mungo Park, the Scottish explorer,
while visiting
Sansanding on the River Niger in 1795, recorded:
“This
place is much resorted to by the Moors, who
bring salt
from Beero [Walata] and beads and coral from
the
Mediterranean, to exchange here for gold dust
and
cotton cloth. This cloth they sell to great
advantage in
Beero and other Moorish countries, where on
account of
the want of rain, no cotton is cultivated”.
The cloth-making industry existed
in West Africa long
before the arrival of the Europeans. The Kente
of the
Akans of Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire was not a
European
introduction, nor Arabic. Kente is not merely
a cloth, it
embodies symbolism and the philosophy of a
people
with over 20 sacred symbols expressing both
moral and
philosophical maxim whose canons are easily
identifiable with that of Kemet [Ancient Egypt].
In Honduras, the Mandinga clans,
Jaras and Guabas,
who were Moslems, called themselves “Almamys”,
the
Mande form of the Arabic “al-imamu”, meaning
“leader”.
When the Europeans first landed on the island
of St.
Vincent, they found two distinct populations,
of
“yellow” and “black” complexions who came to
be
known as “claifurnams”, a Mandinga variant
of the
Arabic “Khalfatu-n-Nabi”. This was before the
advent of
the slave trade.
It is conceivable that the
Mandinga who already
occupied various places on St. Vincent island
and were
familiar with the terrain, would have welcomed
(in the
15th century) fugitive Africans (their kith
and kin)
running away from slavery.
Many islands in the Caribbean
were used as “seasoning
camps” — (“a physical and mental process of
subduing
the will to resist, and self-worthiness through
intensive
whipping, depravation of food, stripping [the
slaves] of
their humanity and loyalty to self”]. This
was the final
phase of the process that begun on the ships
from the
Guinea Coast, before the journey to other parts
of the
“New World”.
The island of Jamaica was most
notorious for the
“seasoning camps”. Incidentally, it was here
that the
African slaves fought protracted wars to liberate
themselves. Chief among them were the Maroons
who
occupied the high Blue Mountains. It was here
that the
other Africans escaping from the “seasoning
camps”
and plantation labour sought refuge.
One of the great leaders of
the Maroons was General
Cudjoe, a Coromantee. (Coromantee is a variant
spelling of the Kromante people of the present
day
Central Region of Ghana; Cudjoe is a variant
spelling of
the Ghanaian name Kojo or Kwadwo, meaning a
male
born on Monday).
The Maroons fought the British
for nearly 10 years [in
the Maroon Wars]. In the last of those wars,
the British
mounted an army of over 1,800 English men plus
a
militia of 3,000 men. On 1 March 1739, the
British
granted the Maroon their independence.
“For the first time in the
history of the Americas, a
metropolitan power was forced to recognise
the rights
of its subjects to independence,” wrote P.
Sherlock, the
English historian. “This happened half a century
before
North America gained independence and 70 years
ahead
of the blacks of Haiti.”
In 1791, the Africans of Surinam,
led by their leader
Captain Adu, (another Ghanaian name, meaning
10th
born), fought the Dutch for 36 years before
a peace
treaty was finally signed.
It is likely that the blacks
[the Mandinga] that Columbus
met in America would have faced the same
extermination programme perpetrated by the
Spanish
and the other European settlers, just as they
had done
to the native Amerindians or would have subsequently
been defeated and enslaved. In fact the Spanish
extermination of the Inca people and the burning
down
of their capital city, Cuzco, in 1534 signalled
an abrupt
end to an accomplished civilisation of the
Americas.
The Nubia-Kemet Voyage, 1300 BC
The earliest African presence
in the Americas is that of
the people of Nubia and Kemet. This was proved
by the
discovery in 1858 of a gigantic (head) self-portrait
with
Nubian features carved out of a single basalt
measuring
8ft by 18ft in circumference, and dating back
to 800-600
BC. It was discovered in the village of Tres
Zapotes in
Mexico. Seventeen of these heads have since
been
discovered all over South America.
In 1869, Jose Meglar, a 19th
century Mexican scholar,
wrote a brief description of the sculpture
in the Mexican
Society of Geography and Statistic Bulletin.
He stated:
“In 1862, I was in the region
of San Andree Tuxtla.
During my excursion, I learnt that a Colossal
Head had
been unearthed a few years before.
“I asked to be taken to look
at it. We went, and I was
struck with surprise. As a work of art, it
is without
exaggeration a magnificent sculpture. What
astonished
me was the Ethiopian type [Negroid] representation.
I
reflected that there had been Negroes in this
country,
and that this had been in the first epoch of
the world”.
This article, along with other
publications that boldly
put Africans in association with Ancient America,
was
met with silence by Euro-American scholars,
despite
the physical evidence on the ground, such as
the
Colossal Head.
The taboo was finally lifted
in 1939, when the American
scholar, Matthew Stirling, a researcher funded
by the
Smithsonian Institute and the National Geography
Society (both American institutions), led an
archaeological team to Tres Zapotes in Mexico
and
excavated the Colossal Head that Melgar had
mentioned 77 years earlier.
The sheer size of the sculpture
moved Stirling to say:
“It presents an awe inspiring spectacle. Despite
its
great seize, the workmanship is delicate and
sure, its
proportion is perfect. It is remarkable for
its realistic
treatment. The features are bold and amazingly
Negroid
in character”.
Additionally, hundreds of images
of Africans in terra
cotta, made between 1500 BC and 1500 AD, have
been
unearthed in the Americas, affirming a prolonged
presence of African ancestors in that part
of the world.
In September 1974, at the 41st
Congress of
Americanists in Mexico, Dr Andrzej Wiercinski,
one of
the world’s leading experts on the Americas,
announced
that African skulls had been found at the Olmec
sites in
Cero de las Meassa, Monte Alban and Talatilco
in
Mexico.
Prof Alexander von Wuthenau,
the German-born art
historian, author of Unexplained Faces in Ancient
America, and chairman of the Pre-Columbian
Art History
of the University of the Americas, has also
made an
impressive collection of pre-Columbian terra
cotta
sculptures of African chiefs, priests, dancers
and
drummers.
Indeed at one point, after
stating his conviction of the
trans Atlantic voyage of the Africans, Prof
Wuthenau
was advised by his colleague, Dr Erwin Palm,
thus:
“Wuthenau, never say Negro, always say Negroid
because then it would mean that the black specimens
in pre-Columbian art are derived from Melanesian
Negritos and not from African Negroes.”
Wuthenau subsequently explained
that his colleague
meant well and “probably intended to help me
maintain
my respectability in academic circles; because
orthodox scientists are beginning to admit
the
possibility of Melanesian migration to America
but are
deadly opposed to that of contacts from Africa
across
the Atlantic.”
One of the “orthodox” scholars,
Dr Micheal Coe, the
Harvard-educated chairman of the Department
of
Anthropology at Yale University in USA, who
is also a
leading authority on South America, has reasoned
that
the thick lips and broad nose of the Olmec
heads,
including the Colossal Head, were due to the
fact that
the sculptors did not want to create “protruding
or thin
facial features that might break off”.
Coe’s incredible scholastic
insight not only surpasses
the efforts by European scholars and broadcasters
(the
recent British Channel 4 series on Ancient
Egypt) to
whiten the Kemetic (Ancient Egyptian) civilisation,
in
degrees of sophistication. It also demonstrates
a
shared disdain for the achievements and history
of
Africa and its people.
Europe, despite its relative
late emergence on the
historical stage of humanity, is said to possess
“archival and historical continuity”, but what
was at
stake in the finding of the Colossal Head and
the other
sculptures and terracotta in the Americas was
an
affirmation and evidence of the continuity
of the great
African history that went as far back as Nubia
and
Kemet.
Indeed, the beginning of Europe’s
“historical continuity”
began through Africans whose presence and domination
of Spain and Rome (Italy) are well documented.
More
than five Nubians ruled Rome as emperors —
Flavius
Honorious (395 AD) and Emperior Septimius Severus
(193 AD) who erected Hannibal’s statute in
Rome, and
in 202 AD visited Kemet.
The Olmec civilisation, 1200-400 BC
Many of the written records
left by the Olmec in South
America were systematically destroyed by the
European “discoverers” of the New World. The
very
people who burnt down the libraries of the
African
Moors in Spain were the same people who destroyed
the written records of the Olmec civilisation.
(Olmec is
derived from the Aztec root, Ollin, meaning
rubber,
loosely translated as people from the land
where rubber
is produced. La Venta in Mexico was the capital
of the
Olmec civilisation).
Diago deLaanda, the Spanish
bishop of Yucatan, wrote:
“These people made use of certain characters
or letters
with which they wrote their books and their
ancient
matter and their science... We found a large
number of
books. They contained but superstition. We
burned them
all which they regretted to an amazing degree,
and
which caused them much affliction.”
Antonio deCuidad Real, the
Spanish historian, also
affirmed in 1588 AD: “[The Spanish] burned
many
historical books of the ancient Yucatan which
told of its
beginning and history”.
The earliest settlers in Central
America date from
3000-2000BC, but the major civilisation that
preceded
them all was the Olmec, which influenced all
the
American civilisations, including the Atzec,
the Mayans
and the Incas.
The Olmec civilisation in Meso-America
had three major
influences — the first was the Mongoloid who
blended
almost indistinguishably with Ica Age Americans,
the
second was the Negroid Africans, and the third
was
made up of people with a Mediterranean strain.
But it was the Nubian-Kemetic
presence that propelled
the Olmec civilisation to its heights, bringing
about the
unparalleled cultural influence carried over
from Kemet
to the New World.
The Olmec civilisation [1200-400BC]
was all pervasive,
reaching Guatemala and Honduras to the west,
to
central Mexico, Costa Rica and along the Ancient
American coast as far as Panama. Specifically,
it was
at La Venta in Mexico that the Olmec lay the
foundation
of ancient America, marked by pyramid complexes
and
hieroglyphic writing, a trait which was later
to be
assimilated by other civilisations in the Americas,
including the Maya.
The debate now being waged
in academic circles is not
so much that Africans occupied elite positions
in the
ancient American civilisations, but from which
part of
Africa they came from thousands of years ago?
Africans, contrary to conventional
historical accounts,
had been sailing not in dug-out canoes but
ocean-going
vessels from as far back as 3800 BC. A painting
of an
ocean-going vessel has been found from the
era of
Ta-Seti, the first major African civilisation
that
preceded Kemet.
Thousands of ocean-going vessels
in Kemet were
required to conduct commercial trade and domination
in
the ancient world. This was attested by the
skill and
technology in Kemet for shipbuilding as well
as in
Carthage (Tunisia), under the Phoenicians and
later the
Moors who were to trade with the West African
kingdoms in the 12th century.
King Necho II of Kemet ordered
his naval commanders
and astrologers to circumvent the African continent
as
far back as 600 BC. The expedition was a success
and
returned home to receive encomiums from the
delighted
king.
Evidence now points to Nubia-Kemet
as the place
where the Africans first left for the Americas,
either as
traders or as an armada of the Kemet army.
The first pyramid in the Americas
was built at a
ceremonial location. Commenting on the American
pyramids, Dr Ivan Van Sertima says in his book,
African
Presence In Early America: “The pyramids are
placed on
a north south axis, as all Egyptian and Nubian
pyramids
are placed. [The] pyramids combine the same
double
function, tomb and temple... [The] great pyramid
in
Teotihuacan [225 metres sq] has a pyramidal
base
almost identical in proportion to that of the
bases of the
Great Pyramid in Egypt [226.5 metres sq]”.
In fact the same standard of
measurements that was
developed by the mathematicians and astrologers
of
Kemet was employed in Ancient America. It follows
that the “foreigners” (the Africans) did find,
or were
welcomed by, a native elite whom they could
influence,
hence the preservation of the African elite
in royal
temples in the Americas.
According to Dr Van Sertima:
“If we examine some of those
helmets, we will find they
are uncannily similar to the leather helmet
worn by the
Nubian-Kemet military in the era of Ramese
and in the
first millennium BC. They completely cover
the head
and the back of the neck, and they have tie-ons
attached to the crest and falling in front
of the ear. The
details on some of them, almost 3,000 years
old, have
circular earplugs and incised decoration, paralleled
lines found on other colossal Nubian heads
in the
Egyptian seaport of Tanis.”
The striking similarities between
the Olmec civilisation
and Kemet can be seen in the cultural and scientific
arenas. For example, there is an existing Olmec
painting of a dignitary wearing a double crown.
He is
offering an object with Kemetic symbols on
it, to a
person of distinctively African appearance
in the
Temple at Cerro de la Piedre in Mexico.
The sacred boat of the kings
of Kemet is also found in
Olmec paintings in similar appearance, function
and
name. The royal flail of Kemetic kings, a symbol
of
authority, can be seen on an Olmec king sitting
on a
throne at Oxtotitlan in Mexico.
The African Ankh symbol of
life is identical with the
Olmec sacred cross both in function and name.
The
Olmec called it the “tree of life” — To-naca-qua-hui-tl.
The Kemetic spiritual, ceremonial and sacred
colours
are identical with that of Olmec who also used
oxide
dyes to evoke blackness, a colour they used
mostly to
paint their sculptures.
Also, the pyramids in Mexico
are identical in orientation
to that of Kemet. During the Equinox, the interplay
between sunlight and shadows forms triangular
patterns, creating images of serpents slithering
down
the northern staircase of the pyramids as in
Kemet.
Again, the nine gods of Kemet
mentioned in the book of
creation is equally found in America and recorded
in the
pyramids in Mexico as the “nine lords of the
night”.
Says Dr Ivan Van Sertima: “It
is important to understand
what a great burden of proof is required to
establish a
cultural influence, even when there is a sound
case for
a physical presence and contact. Any one of
the above
traits, standing by itself as a single parallel
can be
dismissed as coincidence. When such traits
appear as
an interconnected cluster, performing a single
function
and duplication nowhere else in the world except
where
the Egyptian travelled or left their influence,
then only a
dogmatic conservative or a bigot can deny the
possibility of both physical contact and cultural
influence.”
In the context of the history
of a people being a source
from which could be drawn gems of proven wisdom
for
advancement, (as enshrined in the Akan philosophical
concept of “Sankofa” — going back to retrieve
that
which is valuable from the past to aid advancement),
it
is not so much that the discovery of the presence
of
African ancestors in the Americas which must
be held
in awe by modern Africans, but the inculcation
of their
spirit of enquiry which took them to the Americas
that
must compel modern Africans to seek the means
of
liberation from economic, mental and spiritual
servitude.
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/icpubs/
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African
Venezuelans fear new U.S. coup against President Chavez
By: Alejandro Correa and Willie Thompson Originally published on December 18, 2002 by Trinicenter.com
This month, for the first time in history, Venezuelan people of African descent have total control of their historic Black university, the Instituto Universitario Barlovento. They are already planning a university administered hotel and a restaurant for students, faculty and the community. This is an achievement of a lifetime, and the people of Barlovento gather around their seat of higher learning to reflect on their success. Another topic on their minds and hearts is the fate of President Hugo Chavez. He is Venezuela's first multiracial president and is called "Negro" (nigger) by his detractors because of his African-Indigenous features. Behind the enemies of Venezuela and Hugo Chavez are very large sums of money being spent to destroy the dreams of the people who historically have been discriminated against because of race, economic ideas, etc. These dreams of the African Venezuelan people may be deferred if the United States replaces Chavez with a rightwing businessman as president. Currently, three Blacks are state governors elected by the people; the secretary of education is black; two Indigenous Venezuelans are congresspersons elected directly by the people; Indigenous Venezuelans have the complete right to claim their historic lands; land is protected and available to Black and Indigenous Venezuelan farmers so that they can now engage in farming for the first time in generations; and Venezuelans of African descent are participating in conferences against racism around the world and establishing strategic relationships with international organizations. They have attended Congressional Black Caucus conferences in 2000, 2001 and 2002; the pre-conference against racism in Chile in 2000; and the United Nations World Conference Against Racism in Durban, South Africa, in 2001. The African Venezuelan community in Barlovento also hosted the Second International Reunion of the African Latin Family in 1999. Sixty percent of the population of Venezuela are people of African descent. The others are Mestizos of Indigenous and European descent and Indigenous. The support of the people of African descent in the United States is one of the most strategic factors in helping the people of African descent survive and prosper in Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez was elected in a democratic election with more than 70 percent of the 11 million votes cast. One of his first actions was to call for an election of a National Constituency Assembly whose mission was to reform the 1969 national Constitution. During 40 years of democracy this Constitution was used to avoid empowering the people. The election of the National Constituency Assembly allowed the participation of students, business related organizations, community representatives and parties opposed to the president in the Assembly. The entire society had its opportunity in the Assembly. The National Constituency Assembly designed a new national Constitution, which was widely discussed all around the country. Then a national election was called to consider the acceptance of the new Constitution. The Venezuelan people, by direct vote, said, "We do accept the new Constitution" in 1999. New national elections were called at all levels of government to test the acceptance of the new Constitution and renegotiate the public powers. President Hugo Chavez, again, won the election with over one million votes more than his closest opponent. The party supporting Chavez also won, as did several state governors who belonged to the party. During his three years in power – the complete term is six years – President Chavez has been an advocate for the education of the poor. After 50 years of being eliminated, full schedule schools were opened with schedules from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., allowing children to stay longer in recreational programs and special classes, apart from receiving free breakfast and lunch. Never before have small businesses flourished with the full support of the government at the local and national levels. Chavez has opened the doors for the participation of those who have long been excluded. When President Chavez came to power, 80 percent of the population lived below poverty. Overcoming this difficult obstacle requires a joint effort at all levels of society. Unfortunately, the support has not echoed in the upper economic brackets of Venezuelan society. What have they done? Organizing a coup is not the way to support the government. Venezuela is the fourth largest oil producer in the world and the second largest oil exporter to the United States. President Chavez has never threatened the export of oil to the U.S. He has visited the U.S. about five times, holding meetings with businesspersons, seeking to stimulate foreign investment in Venezuela in order to raise the level of employment and mitigate the conditions of the poor. Unfortunately, the sectors of society wanting to reverse these important advances decided to violate Venezuelan democracy. A group of renegade military generals formed a coalition with "businessmen" – land owners whose ancestors stole it from Indigenous Venezuelans and used enslaved African labor to build the Venezuelan economy and society. Some members of the press also belong to the business establishment. Three main private TV stations led a campaign against the evolution of democratic change in the same style Hitler used against the Jews: "Say a lie a thousand times and everybody will believe it as a truth." These forces formed a coup to destroy freedom in Venezuela. For three days they controlled the government and instituted practices not seen in Venezuela since the ‘50s, during the days of the military rulers. Venezuelans in their 60s were astonished to see such violations of civil rights. Leaders of the coup imprisoned President Chavez, isolating him from any public contact, lying about a presidential resignation, dissolving all legitimate national powers at all levels. Then they started hunting down the legitimate member of Congress and of the president's cabinet. Even the Supreme Court was forced to resign. They did all that in a period of three days. Further, they derogated the 1999 constitution. In response, however, people of all races and backgrounds took to the streets, the military bases and public buildings to liberate President Chavez. He is in control again. Venezuelans watched with deep concern how Ari Fleisher, Bush's press secretary, and Condoleezza Rice, Bush's defense advisor – a black woman – avoided calling the coup against President Chavez what it really was: a vulgar, right wing coup against a democratic government. Both have used vague rhetoric to criticize Chavez' administration rather than condemn the coup. The Bush administration in general looked with sympathy at the coup and issued no declaration condemning it. The New York Times also has presented the facts in a less than objective way. Rather than going into the countryside to talk with the people, Times reporters appear to have visited only the Caracas suburbs to assess public opinion. Furthermore, the local media consider only the opinions of wealthy people. All other opinions are considered unworthy. So, if you are poor or if you are not in agreement with the media, then you are not considered a part of the public opinion. U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd has expressed dismay over the Bush administration's behavior regarding the situation in Venezuela. His position is an example of goodwill and is appreciated by Venezuelans. There's an international effort to destroy the public image of President Chavez. Let us briefly analyze it. 1) Hugo Chavez has visited Iraq, Iran and Libya. Because he is a friend of those nations, he is branded an enemy of the United States. Venezuela and the countries visited by President Chavez are members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Together with these countries, Venezuela regulates oil prices and must agree with them on strategies for maintaining profitability while at the same time making prices affordable to the oil importing countries such as the U.S. With 60 percent of its national budget based on oil income, clearly Venezuela must talk with members of OPEC. This doesn't make Venezuela a partner in terrorism as has been insinuated by the U.S. and the media. 2) Hugo Chavez is a friend of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro. It is insinuated that he is therefore an enemy of the U.S. Venezuela is a free and self-determining nation in its business relations with Cuba. It has a right to have business relations with China or any other country. 3) It is said that Hugo Chavez didn't condemn the attacks on the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001, and is therefore an enemy of the U.S. But President Chavez most certainly did condemn the Sept. 11 attacks and said, just as France and Russia and the Pope did, that he doesn't support a heavy and indiscriminate attack against Afghanistan which might cause civilian casualties. The Bush administration considers neither the presidents of France and Russia nor the Pope as enemies of the U.S. and is not willing to plan and finance a coup against those leaders because they express humanitarian points of view. 4) President Chavez is said to be a supporter of the Colombian guerrillas and is therefore involved in terrorism. The truth is that President Chavez has condemned terrorism in Colombia. Furthermore, the Venezuelan government under his administration has been a mediator in peace talks between the guerrillas and the Colombian government. 5) The people of the U.S. should think deeply about U.S. support of the failed coup and its leaders and its plans to change the regime in Venezuela. The result of President Chavez' trip to oil exporting countries was agreement on a solid oil price. In Venezuela, the price of oil is extremely important for education, health care and public services generally. The first declaration of the leaders of the failed coup was the abandonment of the quota system, which caused oil prices to drop.
Alejandro Correa is an African Venezuelan professor at the new Barlovento University, located in the Miranda state where large numbers of African Venezuelans live. Willie Thompson is a professor emeritus at City College of San Francisco, and he is very active around issues affecting Blacks in the Americas.
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|
2003 VenezuelAnalysis.com |
| According to Ambassador Bernardo Alvarez "The Venezuelan Revolutionary Process Generates Increasing Interest in Some Sectors of the U.S."
By: Venezuelanalysis.com
Alvarez expressed his opinion with regard to some information that has been circulating worldwide, that tries to create a negative image of Venezuela by trying to link the country with international terrorism. Alvarez specifically made reference to an article that American journalist Linda Robinson wrote for the magazine US News and World Report, called "Terror close to home". With regard to statements describing Venezuela as a terrorist state, Alvarez said that there have been some reactions like one published by the Miami Herald in which some sectors of the U.S.A. distance themselves from these type of statements and assert that there is no evidence of terrorist activity in Venezuela nor links with Islamic fundamentalism. "Ms. Robinson's article was clearly written with the intention of destabilizing, for that reason some sectors of the U.S. took distance from it," said the Ambassador. “It is amazing that terrorism is becoming a media problem, with the intention to delegitimize the Venezuelan Government. One should not rely on microphones and the media to fight terrorism, it is necessary to engage in real cooperation, and the fact that some American sectors take distance from this [media approach], is very significant," he added. “If the unnamed sources that the article cites, are indeed U.S. government sources, and if the evidence is genuine, then the right approach for the U.S. government if to contact the Venezuelan authorities, and provide the evidence so those individuals are captured.” When asked about the possibility of a American intervention in Venezuela, the Ambassador said that he does not think that is possible, although there are external sectors interested in a confliction between the U.S. and Venezuela, "which gives the impression that the relations with that country are very complex, varied and interesting.” "The other interesting thing to consider is that we supply 15% of the power requirements of the U.S.A., we are the third market destination for U.S. exports, and have a big investment in the United States through Citgo, so the economic and energy relations, in spite of everything else, have been maintained in a very responsible way, nevertheless, there is a sector interested in deteriorating this relations also," he emphasized. With regard to the political aspect, Alvarez said that a current of opinions was created, making many believe that the referendum in Venezuela was the product of an agreement between the opposition and the Government. Based on this many said that the Government would not be fulfilling its promise if the referendum did not take place. "That's why we had to communicate with the American Government, and tell them that that wasn't true, that the referendum was not product of a political agreement, but a Constitutional right already established", he said. In that sense, "The president of the Venezuelan Supreme Court of Justice, Ivan Rincon Urdaneta, met with some important figures of the U.S. administration who asked him about this, and he explained to them that if the referendum were product in an agreement, it would be unconstitutional. What the Constitution establishes is that the referendum is a right that the citizens must activate, not a political agreement between sectors," he added. According to Alvarez, in spite of all the situation by him described, in the U.S., as days go by, there is more knowledge about the reality of the political and economic situation of Venezuela. "I believe that a society as complex as the North American one cannot have a single vision. The U.S. is an immense society, with huge economic power, but on the other hand it is a very interesting civil society, which is also complex", he added.
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Fair use notice
of copyrighted material:
This site contains some copyrighted material that in some cases
has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are
making such material available in our efforts to advance the understanding
of politics, human rights, the economy, democracy, and social justice
issues related to Venezuela. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use'
of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the
US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the
material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have
expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for
research and educational purposes. For more information go to: www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml.
If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes
of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from
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2003 VenezuelAnalysis.com |
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Bolivia: insurrección en La Paz
Por: Jorge Martín/El Militante Venezuela
Publicado el Miércoles, 15/10/03 10:40am |
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Econoticiasbolivia.com
Tras resistir 48 horas plenas de masacre,
metralla y muerte, la rebelión de los pobres, que tiene su epicentro
en la ciudad de El Alto, comenzó a agigantarse en toda la región
altiplánica, arrastrando detrás de sí a trabajadores,
cocaleros y campesinos de otras zonas de los valles y del oriente. Bolivia
huele a insurrección, los pobres se están levantando.
Ya en las primeras horas de hoy, lunes, miles de vecinos colgados de los
cerros y alturas de la ciudad de La Paz se enfrentaban, con piedra y hondas,
a efectivos militares y policiales que custodian la autopista de 12 kilómetros,
que une las ciudades de La Paz y El Alto. Hay barricadas, ráfagas de
ametralladoras y sobrevuelo de helicópteros.
En medio de las hogueras aún llameantes, encendidas durante la
noche para prevenir el ataque de las tropas leales al presidente Gonzalo (Goni)
Sánchez de Lozada, los vecinos, que exigen su renuncia, se organizaban
para bajar al centro de la ciudad sede de gobierno.
"La Portada se ha levantado en apoyo de nuestros hermanos de El Alto",
dice una vecina, mientras suena la bala y un enorme amplificador hace oír
un vals de caballería. Hay aire de insurrección.
Sin transporte público, por la escasez de combustible y la huelga
de choferes, las calles de la ciudad de La Paz lucen semidesiertas, aunque
ya se nota que tiene éxito la convocatoria de los maestros, comerciantes,
estudiantes y trabajadores para concentrarse en sus fuentes de trabajo y estudio,
para posteriormente copar el centro.
En las zonas populares hay indignación por la masacre. "Todos
tenemos que bajar al centro, a San Francisco, a San francisco", "Que se vaya
Goni", grita la multitud.
A las 9:30 de la mañana, en San Francisco, en pleno centro de
la ciudad, caía un joven herido a bala. "Son civiles armados, agentes
del gobierno, los que están disparando", dicen testigos que presenciaron
la atentado. Dos cuadras más arriba, en la Garita de Lima, se comienzan
a levantar barricadas.
En la ciudad de El Alto, donde este domingo murieron a bala 26 vecinos
y otro centenar y medio cayó herido por la metralla del Ejército,
proseguían las escaramuzas. En la zona de Alto Lima, otro joven caía
destrozado por la metralla y tres heridos en la víspera pasaban a engrosar
la fila de los muertos en defensa del gas y del petróleo, en defensa
de la vida y dignidad de los pobres.
En centros comunitarios y casas particulares, los vecinos, muchos de
ellos inmigrantes del área rural, velan a su muertos con coca, dolor
y rabia. Allí, a cuatro mil metros de altura, no hay perdón
para Goni, el hombre más maldecido por los pobres. La gente sigue
combatiendo, con lo que tiene a mano.
Arrinconado por la protesta, que crece y se multiplica, al Presidente
se le acaba el tiempo y el margen de maniobra. Un decreto presidencial, lanzado
a las dos de la madrugada, por el que se compromete a no dar vía
libre al proyecto privado de exportación de gas a Estados Unidos,
por lo menos hasta fines de diciembre y en consulta y debate con los sectores
sociales, ha sido rechazado de inmediato.
"Todo El Alto, con todos sus distritos, con todas sus organizaciones,
ya ha dicho su última palabra para que renuncie Goni y vaya a la cárcel.
Que se vaya al diablo con su decreto", dijo el máximo dirigente de
la rebelión alteña y ejecutivo de la Central Obrera Regional,
Roberto de La Cruz.
"El país se está levantando para tirar abajo a este asesino
y recuperar el gas y el petróleo para los bolivianos, para industrializar
en Bolivia el gas que es nuestro", agregó.
Los primeros reportes que se tienen en la mañana de hoy, muestran
que se estrecha aún más el cerco sobre la ciudad de La Paz,
que se mantiene por cinco días consecutivos. Desde la vecina Viacha,
en el camino a Oruro, se informa de la salida de cientos de vecinos rumbo
a El Alto, para reforzar la lucha. Otras comunidades del Altiplano también
están mandando a sus hijos, con la misma consigna, con el mismo objetivo:
tirar abajo al millonario que gobierna al país más pobre del
Sur de América.
"Los mineros han dicho que van a tomar las minas de Sánchez de
Lozada", dice desde Cochabamba, el cocalero y jefe del Movimiento al Socialismo
(MAS), Evo Morales, que instruye a sus bases en el Chapare, en el centro de
Bolivia, para entrar de lleno al bloqueo de caminos, que aún es esporádico
al igual que el corte de rutas en el valle por los campesinos leales a dirigentes
ligados al MAS.
Hasta ahora, la participación de los cocaleros y campesinos ha
sido mínima, lo que ha generado muchas críticas sobre Morales.
Otros cocaleros, mucho más radicales, los de Yungas de La Paz
tienen cortado totalmente otro de los accesos principales a la sede de gobierno
hace dos semanas.
En esta ruta, el bloqueo comenzó a intensificarse, al igual que
otras en el Altiplano, dejando a La Paz sin vinculación con sus provincias
ni con otros departamentos, y menos con regiones fronterizas de Perú
y Chile.
El cerco terrestre es total y desde esta mañana también
está suspendido el transporte aéreo. La ruta que une el aeropuerto
con La Paz, que estaba en manos de los militares, ha sido tomada por jóvenes
y vecinos. Los pasajeros que llegaron anoche a la terminal área no
pueden bajar a la ciudad, por lo que se aprestaban a retornar en avión
a sus distritos.
Otros despachos hablan de nuevos bloqueos y marchas en el sur del país
y en el oriente. Comunicados de organizaciones sindicales y populares están
convocando al pueblo a las calles para terminar de derrumbar, a piedra y
coraje, el gobierno del millonario presidente de Bolivia, que hizo fortuna
en las minas de Oruro y Potosí, convertidos ahora en socavones de
angustia y pobreza. La insurrección de los pobres está en
marcha.
La Paz, octubre 13, 2003 (Hrs. 09:30)
Miguel Ángel
Ferrari
Hipótesis
América latina y el mundo deberemos
mirarnos en el espejo de Bolivia.
Mientras la mayoría del pueblo de un país, por diversas
razones, acepta los procesos de enajenación de su patrimonio colectivo,
los gobiernos neoliberales practican la "democracia". Cuando el nivel de conciencia
de gran parte de la ciudadanía asciende, hasta adquirir una clara
comprensión de la gravedad del saqueo al que es sometida la sociedad
y se moviliza para impedirlo, el juego de la democracia se torna súbitamente
en la práctica del terror por parte de las clases dominantes.
A este síndrome los argentinos ya lo conocemos. Lo hemos padecido
muchas veces, pero nunca como en aquellos días de diciembre de 2001,
donde las calles de nuestras ciudades quedaron regadas de compatriotas asesinados
por haber tenido la valentía de negarse a soportar un día más,
a esos dirigentes políticos serviles de los intereses de los grandes
grupos económicos y dóciles ejecutores de las directivas provenientes
desde el imperio.
Más de cincuenta hermanos bolivianos han sido asesinados desde
el 20 de setiembre, la mayoría en estos últimos días,
entre ellos varios niños, por enfrentar con decisión la política
corrupta y entreguista del gobierno encabezado por el presidente Gonzalo Sánchez
de Lozada, expresada por estos días en la implementación del
proyecto de las transnacionales, consistente en la exportación de
gas natural a los Estados Unidos sin ningún tipo de valor agregado.
Los dueños de las empresas petrolíferas y gasíferas son,
con pocas diferencias, los mismos de la Argentina. El presidente Sánchez
de Lozada, sin ninguna originalidad, se limitó a entregar menemistamente
el patrimonio de su país a las multinacionales.
Winston Churchill solía decir "la democracia es el peor de los
sistemas políticos, si exceptuamos a todos los demás". Más
allá del humor que lo caracterizaba y la profunda repulsa que le producía
la sola idea de progreso social, el dirigente conservador británico
estaba convencido de sus palabras. Pero los conservadores del presente, que
en los últimos tiempos se travistieron con el ropaje criptofascista
del neoliberalismo, parecen no coincidir con uno de sus paradigmáticos
mentores políticos. Dentro de su concepción de que primero están
los negocios, luego los negocios y finalmente los negocios, la democracia
es sólo una de las formas que se puede adoptar, según convenga
al objetivo más importante: los negocios.
Las clases dominantes bolivianas, a las que Sánchez de Lozada
las representa con bastante solvencia, por ser uno de sus conspicuos integrantes,
enriquecido él y sus antepasados con el sudor y las enfermedades de
los trabajadores mineros de Oruro y Potosí, han apostado durante largas
décadas a las dictaduras militares para acrecentar sus patrimonios
en desmedro de la inmensa mayoría de la población, sumida en
un 70 por ciento en la miseria más cruel e inhumana.
Siguiendo las palabras de Churchill, la oligarquía boliviana
o "la rosca" como habitualmente la llama su pueblo, ha preferido a "todos
los demás" sistemas políticos. De modo que veinte años
de "democracia" no son suficientes para identificarse con ella. Es por ello,
entre otras tantas cosas, que "Goni" como llaman al presidente propios y extraños,
usando un familiar diminutivo de Gonzalo, ostenta el trágico galardón
de ser el presidente surgido de elecciones con más muertes sobre sus
espaldas. Solamente en este breve lapso de su segundo mandato carga con 33
muertes durante los sucesos del 12 y 13 de febrero de este año, cuando
trabajadores, estudiantes y policías manifestaron en La Paz contra
el impuesto al salario, y más de cincuenta hasta el día de
hoy durante esta "guerra del gas", especialmente en la ciudad de El Alto,
en "el gran La Paz".
A los demócratas de mercado no se les ocurrió abrir
el diálogo con la ciudadanía para preguntarles qué opinan
-por ejemplo- de este negocio del gas donde las transnacionales reunidas
en un consorcio denominado Pacific LNG, conformado por Repsol-YPF, Panamerican
Gas y British Gas, se proponen ganar 20 mil millones de dólares en
los próximos veinte años, dejando al Estado boliviano sumas
insignificantes en concepto de impuestos y regalías. No se les ocurrió,
sencillamente, porque sus intereses no son los mismos que los de la inmensa
mayoría de mujeres y hombres comunes sumidos en la miseria